Research Areas

We compare satellite observations, ground magnetic records, and GNSS-TEC to study ionospheric and geomagnetic variation. Observed features are distinguished from possible explanations, with analysis conditions and limitations stated alongside them.

RESEARCH FIELD4 SECTIONS

Research Approach

Research Perspective

Comparing satellite and ground data can provide clues that one observation alone cannot offer. F-Factory Research checks timing, position, and data quality when bringing observations together. We explain not only the result but also the conditions under which a feature was obtained.

Research Fields

Primary Research Themes

Research Process

Our Research Approach

Reading Across Observation Systems

We start by checking satellite orbits, station locations, local time, geomagnetic activity, and data quality. Comparisons account for differences in locations and measured quantities as well as timing.

Turning Questions into Testable Workflows

Several factors can contribute to ionospheric and geomagnetic variation. Filters, baseline intervals, and exclusions are stated, while control data help test possible explanations.

Communicating with Figures and Text

Figures include sources, units, and processing conditions. The text separates observations from interpretations so that specialists and general readers can follow the evidence.

State the Limits of Interpretation

Matching variations do not by themselves establish causation. Hypotheses are presented as hypotheses, not as earthquake, eruption, or space-weather forecasts or warnings.