Treat Relationships as Hypotheses
Ground or lower-atmosphere events may occur near ionospheric or geomagnetic changes in time or space. Solar activity, geomagnetic disturbances, seasonal variation, and observation location can also affect the data. We consider several explanations rather than inferring causation from an apparent match.
Compare Events with Control Intervals
We check the event source, time, and location, then establish the coverage of the satellite, ground, and meteorological data being compared. The reason for selecting a control interval matters, as does whether an interval without the event can be compared under similar conditions.
Datasets with different spatial or temporal resolutions require a clear account of what can and cannot be compared. Geomagnetic activity and instrument effects are also checked as possible alternative explanations.
Separate Research from Safety Information
F-Factory Research analyses are not earthquake, eruption, or weather forecasts, warnings, evacuation guidance, or substitutes for official announcements. Use information from public authorities for safety decisions.
The research concerns observed features and hypotheses about relationships among the lower atmosphere, geosphere, and ionosphere. These features are not presented as precursors of future events.
Examine the Basis of a Comparison
The ionosphere and geomagnetic-pulsation pages explain the observations and analysis approach. When reading an analysis, also consult the disclaimer and the data and processing conditions.